 |
|
Nietzsche,
Geneology, History
There is no single history, same man
can find different histories within
a history in due course of time. Nietzsche
does not believe in transcendental truth
about the history, so he is contextual
here. It is new historical essay. According
to the new historicist the truth of
history is always partial. The events
of the past cannot be brought back objectively.
History is always written by a person
who has his personal interest and his
controlled by ruling class at the same
time.
History is influenced by the position
of historian
Context also plays vital role determining
history.
Power is so far understood is not
true history, so, history should be
read genealogically.
History is facilitated by Genealogical
sense.
Genealogy is
going, meticulous, and patiently documentary.
It operates, on a field of entangled
and confused parchments on documents
that have been scratched over and recopied
many times. Genealogical study of history
is very adventures job which searches
each and every random events of the
history, it depends on a vast accumulation
of source materials. Focault says that
it is (History) not in linear order,
it is discontinuous and zig-zag. An
ordinary method cannot study those unsystematic,
fragmented events and other different
under currents of history but it is
through genealogical method we can do
that. Focault says history is always
working beneath the surface. Genealogical
history studies something that is oblivious,
that is not written anywhere, it does
not follow documented history but follows
unwritten and undocumented history.
Genealogy goes outside of any monotonous
finality, it is sensitive to the recurrence
of those things which are not recorded
in history (love, conscience, instinct,
anger, hatred) and distinguishes different
scenes they play their role in. Genealogy
defines those things which are abstract
or remain unrealized. It therefore requires
patience and knowledge of details; it
grounds its arguments on hidden or apparently
insignificant truths, therefore it requires
tremedoes learning and search.
Genealogy studies what is no studied
in history like love hatred, anger,
instinct and other internal motivators.
How happened and why happened is more
important.
It investigates the internal factors
that went under currents beneath the
surface in the past.
It studies about how power relation
affects the history.
Nietzsche has used the word urspuring
(origin) in order to say that there
is no single origin but multiple facets
of origin. Focault finds Nietzsche very
contextual here to support his idea.
He says Genealogy opposes itself to
the search for origin because there
are many origins and they are also affected
by several unknown forces. Nietzsche
challenges the pursuit of origin (ursprung)
because pursuit of origin requires the
exact essence of things, existence of
immobile forms, the images of primordial
truth, all of which are totally impossible
because things are constantly changing
illusioned, masked and discontinued.
Genealogists reject transcendentalism
and metaphysics as both of them aim
at claiming on a single origin, genealogy
laughs at the solemnities of origin.
Genealogical analysis shows that concept
of liberty is an invention of rulling
classes and rot fundamental to mans
nature or to truth. Focault says genealogist
must be able to recognize the events
of history, its jolts, surprises, its
unsteady victories, undigestible defeats.
He/she sets out to study numberless
beginning. Genealogy identifies accidents,
minute deviations, errors, fabe appraisal
and the faulty calculation which have
given birth to those things that exist
today. Genealogy studies descent. Deepest
analysis of everything abstract is part
of genealogical study. Genealogy is
aware of
a. power force.
b. forceful emergence of events
In history,
there are so many cracks which are studied
by genealogical method. The role of
genealogy is to record its history,
the history of morals, ideal and metaphysical
concept, the history of the concept
of liberty or of the ascetic life because
they cause the emergence of different
interpretations. Nothing must escape
history and nothing must be excluded
is the motto of genealogical study of
history. Both Focault and Nietzsche
disbelieves on the platonic verson of
history i.e.
History is that of great persons.
History is knowledge, it is in the
form of continuity.
History has memory and recognition
It has theme, morality, it is truthful
It is linear.
Unlike above-mentioned platonic version
of history, Focauldian version of history
is as follows:
1) parodic, 2) dissociative, 3) sacrificial
1) Parodic: History can be used to mark
or disguise the loss of one;s identity
by bringing up the images of the commonly
held great figures, carnivals and the
images of supposed glorious past.
2) Dissociative: This second use of
history in which Focault seeks to explore
the discontinuity so that the individual
events, the origins and the series of
logical progression are mere imposition
not the realities of history.
3) Sacrifical: For Focault this history
will and so-called history and reach
nearer to the move reliable truth about
the past. This only will reveal that
all knowledge of the past is based
upon the injustice of the system that
created the so-called history in its
favour.
Adorno
and Horkheimer According
to Adorno and Horkheimer, individuals
are becoming subservient to the absolute
power of capitalism in this age of mechanical
reproduction. In this age,we are losing
our subjectivity and we are all the
time judged by the market value exchanged
system which makes different between
appearance and reality. Read
More...
Levi-Strauss
Levi-Strauss is a sociologist, anthropologist
and structuralists. As a structuralists,
he sees structure in everything. In
this essay he basically takes about
structure of myth. He says that myth
has internal and external structure.
Regarding the myth there are different
opinions.
Read
More... |
|
|
