The
Black Art Movement:
This is a new movement which came to
be institutionalized in the sixties
and seventies. It was a radical separatist
ethnicism proposing to disengage itself
not only from the larger world of American
literature but also from the western
(white) tradition. The program was gradually
worked out by the help of magazines
like Freedom Ways, Negro Digest
(later Black world), The Black Scholars
and conference held in campuses and
in community centers all over the North.
Those who emerged as the chief strategies
of this insurgency were the poets and
playwrights Amiri Baraka,
the novelist John Oliver,
poet Larry Neal and
Don Lee and others.
What they worked out for is now generally
called as the Black Arts Movement. As
such, Black Arts Movement envisions
an art that speaks directly to the needs
and aspirations of Black America. In
order to perform this task the Black
Art Movement proposed a separate symbolism,
mythology, critique and iconology for
the reordering.
Beat
Poets :In the later half of
the 1950s a group of poets like
Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, Jack Kerovac,
Gregory Corso etc formed a
group of young rebels called Beat poet
and thus, young rebels developed the
Beat Generation. The Beat Generation
is a group of writers centered in San
Francisco and New York City in the later
half of the 1950s. The poet of this
generation called themselves beat because
they felt themselves to be very much
beaten. Read
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Black
Drama:
After the end of Second World War the
Negro writer did not paid so much attention
to fiction as much they motivated to
poetry and Drama. Drama became the easiest
form to reflect the pain and suffering.
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Broadway
Theaters: Broadway theaters
are highly commercialized and established
theatres, especially situated on Manhattam.
There theatres are especially situated
in Manhattam. There theatres are musical
as well as they were powerful sources
of entertainment on 1920s and 1930s.
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Off
Broadway: Off Broadway came
on 1940s as a reaction against costly
and commercialized Broadway theatres.
This theater has stage on center and
audience could watch the performance
from all corners. During the 1940s,
there was the heyday of this theatre;
it was highly popular during that time.
But till 1960s there remained no fundamental
differences between Broadway and off
Broadway, it became more commercialized
as Broadway. Read
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Confessional
Poetry: The second generation
poets born from 1920 to 1935 were under
the influence of New critical mode,
but they were less burdened by the legacies
of the great modernists. So some poets
of this generation stuck to the New
critical mode, but some poets developed
a new style in poetry called confessional
mode. Read
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Harlem
Renaissance:
Harlem Renaissance is a cultural moment
of Afro- American people during 1920s.
It was concentrated on New York City’s
Harlem so it is called Harlem. It is
also called as New Negro Renaissance,
New Negro movement. It affected different
fields like art, literature, politics
etc. Read
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Arthur
Miller: Miller belongs to the
second half of the twentieth century.
Miller was leftist and being leftist
he starts his dramatic career with the
propaganda plays. In his propaganda
plays he explicitly overthrows capitalism
and advocates for the establishment
of socialism. Miller is influenced by
Marxism. His propaganda plays are not
published until the publication of
Death of a Salesman in
1949. In his later plays after propaganda
plays he implicitly advocate Marxism.
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Eugene
O’ Neill: Eugene O’
Neill, an American dramatist, who is
internationally reputed in the field
of drama, also got the noble prize in
1936. He was influenced by Henric
Ibsen, August Strindberg and
Maurice Maeterlinck.
He is remembered for realist, naturalist
and expressionist drama. Moreover the
credit goes to Eugene O’Neill
for his realist and naturalistic play.
Before O’Neill in American theater,
there were melodrama which were sentimental
and having the sense of excitement.
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Tennesse
Williams:
If
Eugene O’ Neill, Susan Gospel,
Thornton Wilder Clifford Odets dominated
the first half of the twentieth century.
Arthur Miller, Edward Albee, Lawrance
Hensbery, Sam Shepard, David Moment
dominated the second half of the twentieth
century, but Tennessee Williams is very
much important between this two ages
.
Tennesse
Williams was brought up in the South,
we can clearly see element of the southern
literary tradition in his work. The
elements like complicated
feelings about time and the past. The
past is usually looked up on with sadness,
guilt or fear. He describes his society
as a kind of hell of brutality and race
hatred. Read
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Gore
Vidal: Vidal
began his career as a war novelist.
He made use of his experience in World
War II in Williwaw and In
a Yellow Wood. The city and the Pillar
was his best seller that dealt with
homosexuality.His language has a closer
affinity with Hemingway a plain in style.
His writing model is witty, brief and
succinct; he uses irony in his works.
According to Vidal, against the day
to day boredom of society, sex and violence
are the only resources the individual
has. So many Vidal’s novel includes
this theme. Read
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John
O'Hara: During
the post war period, there were too
many sexually free novels which became
highly successful. Among such writers,
the great master in the post war period
was John O’Hara. He stands between
the novelists of urban environment and
the novelist of manners.He sets most
of his novels and short stories in a
medium-sized Pennsylvania town he named
Gibbsville. Read
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