| Ralph
Ellison :
Ralph Ellison in his protest novel
Invisible Man not only
focused on Black people who are invisible
in American white society, but he also
satirizes such corrupt society where human
are so different to each other especially,
to the Black .Through this novel, Ellison
skillfully conveys the Black experience.
Appreciating the richness of this novel,
Alfred Kazin has also
remarked that Invisible man is about the
art of survival. The novel Invisible
Man is packed full of serious
observation of the manners, idioms and
human style that continue the ethos of
Black life in America. In his Invisible
Man, the hero is a nameless
black individual who also lives underground
in a hole in New York City. He is invisible
because the people around him see only
his surrounding or their imagination.
According to Ellison, the problem is that
whites can not see black as individual
people. White does only see their own
stupid idea of what a black is.The hero
of the story had been a good boy in the
South. He spoke well and could say just
the right thing to black college presidents
and white businessmen. But by being so
good he is really a “nothing man”.
He is still the black victim of white
society. Invisible Man describes
American social injustice. The character
in Invisible Man
is presented as a very good man because
he follows norms and values of society
but in his society he is not man by being
man. Through the eyes of Invisible man
writer shows the absurdity of America.
Invisible Man
is unnamed black boy, he is not known
as an individual so his quest is visibility
and identity. Though is very good man
he could not get his individuality. According
to Ellison the problem is that white people
cannot see blacks as an individual people.
Whites only see their own stupid idea
of what a black is. He shows that the
American society ignores blacks.His protagonist
is a young black man (unnamed) who is
good Negro for his white master. He did
the work which was not acceptable for
the white folks, so he was put out from
his college as a punishment. He than moves
on to New York, there he tries to accommodate
him but executive powers order that being
black he shall be invisible. He gets a
job in a long Island point factory but
suffers from labors violence. So on afterwards
he is taken up by the Brotherhood that
is communist party. He has tried to find
room for himself in American industry
to become a good cog in the technological
machine. He has attempted to attach himself
to leftist politics he tried all those
things by means of which it would seem
that a Negro might achieve visibility
in America life. Alfred Kazin
says Invisible Man
is about the art of survival and as such
it is in its brilliant mingling of comic
tragic modalities, something close to
a masterpiece. Beat
Poets :In the later half of
the 1950s a group of poets like
Allen Ginsberg, Gary Snyder, Jack Kerovac,
Gregory Corso etc formed a
group of young rebels called Beat poet
and thus, young rebels developed the
Beat Generation. The Beat Generation
is a group of writers centered in San
Francisco and New York City in the later
half of the 1950s. The poet of this
generation called themselves beat because
they felt themselves to be very much
beaten. Read
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The
Black Art Movement :This
is a new movement which came to be institutionalized
in the sixties and seventies. It was
a radical separatist ethnicism proposing
to disengage itself not only from the
larger world of American literature
but also from the western (white) tradition.
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Black
Drama:
After the end of Second World War the
Negro writer did not paid so much attention
to fiction as much they motivated to
poetry and Drama. Drama became the easiest
form to reflect the pain and suffering.
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Broadway
Theaters: Broadway theaters
are highly commercialized and established
theatres, especially situated on Manhattam.
There theatres are especially situated
in Manhattam. There theatres are musical
as well as they were powerful sources
of entertainment on 1920s and 1930s.
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Off
Broadway: Off Broadway came
on 1940s as a reaction against costly
and commercialized Broadway theatres.
This theater has stage on center and
audience could watch the performance
from all corners. During the 1940s,
there was the heyday of this theatre;
it was highly popular during that time.
But till 1960s there remained no fundamental
differences between Broadway and off
Broadway, it became more commercialized
as Broadway. Read
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Confessional
Poetry: The second generation
poets born from 1920 to 1935 were under
the influence of New critical mode,
but they were less burdened by the legacies
of the great modernists. So some poets
of this generation stuck to the New
critical mode, but some poets developed
a new style in poetry called confessional
mode. Read
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Harlem
Renaissance:
Harlem Renaissance is a cultural moment
of Afro- American people during 1920s.
It was concentrated on New York City’s
Harlem so it is called Harlem. It is
also called as New Negro Renaissance,
New Negro movement. It affected different
fields like art, literature, politics
etc. Read
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Arthur
Miller: Miller belongs to the
second half of the twentieth century.
Miller was leftist and being leftist
he starts his dramatic career with the
propaganda plays. In his propaganda
plays he explicitly overthrows capitalism
and advocates for the establishment
of socialism. Miller is influenced by
Marxism. Read
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Eugene
O’ Neill: Eugene O’
Neill, an American dramatist, who is
internationally reputed in the field
of drama, also got the noble prize in
1936. He was influenced by Henric
Ibsen, August Strindberg and
Maurice Maeterlinck.
He is remembered for realist, naturalist
and expressionist drama. Moreover the
credit goes to Eugene O’Neill
for his realist and naturalistic play.
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