READING FROM POST MODERNIST/ POST- STRUCTURAL / DECONSTRUCTION
     Post modern critics focus up on the unstable nature of text. Especially, poststructuralists believe that a text can not give a single and absolute meaning -reality and truth is brought about by language; and if language itself is unstable, reality and truth is also unreliable. Therefore, their attempts are always to show an inherent contradiction in a text. Meaning is always indeterminate. Post modern critics of Victorian literature show indeterminacy in literature text. Previously it was believed that Victorian literature was conventional, conservative and traditional. Now, when Victorian literature is reanalyzed, they found it to be proto- postmodernist. They discovered with in Victorian fictions the sort of instability, discontinuity and skepticism. So, Victorian fiction is similar to postmodern fiction. In Peter K. Garrett’s Victorian Multiple Novel, he defends for Victorian novels blamed by humanist as baggy and looseness, saying that novel of Victorian era should be loose and baggy because it is the most democratic genre which incorporates multiple language and society. Garrett says Victorian novels are not merely for aristocrat people ideas rather it incorporate the ideas of lower class, middle class and every one. He was influenced by the Bakhtin’s notion of dialogism to defend the peculiar qualities of Victorian novels. He believes that novel should serve the different ideology of people of society.The essayist George Levine brings D.A Miller’s Narrative and Its Discontents. In this book Miller tries to show irreducible tension in unified novel, the tension between the narratable (narrative) and narrated (closure). The novel which seems unified, have a lot of tension in it. Narrative has possibilities to go further and further. Thus basic nature of narrative is to be continued where as Victorian writers give closure to the narrative. This is why Victorian novels are in tension and the tension is found in the nature of traditional / narrative form which is for miller artificial and imposed.

READING FORM FEMINIST APPROACH
     Feminism is the most important critical development of Victorian Studies. Feminist critics have made Victorian culture and society a ground for the development of their theories because Victorian society was highly patriarchal. Victorian studies however, were not the source of whole feminism, but it helped in the development of first wave feminism in the early 1970s. Feminist criticism of Victorian literature has these reconfigured the field of Victorian literature by rediscovering and incorporating marginalized women writers in to the mainstream particularly through the effort of: Eliane Showalter, Gilbert and Gubar and Nina Awerbach. Feminism criticism not only reread comical text and shifted focus on to other that had long been ignored but it led to the re-evaluation of writers like Elizabeth Barrett, Christina Rossetti and Elizabeth Gaskell and reconfigures the cannon.The feminist critics tried to show the situation of Victorian women, their economic problem, and social status. Not only had that feminist critic tried to re-examine the representation of women in men’s text. In Victorian time the representation of women was as immanent, passive, sensual, and passionate. The feminist critics tried to dismantle the earlier representation and earlier images. They concluded that the Victorian condition of women was mainly due to the patriarchal society.Feminist challenged the criteria to judge literature by New Criticism. New critic believes that individual should not be governed by any other thing which is rejected by feminist. Feminist believe that individual is not free but governed by social and economical condition. Thus feminist says Victorian period was not good in economy and social behavior to produce good literature, for feminists want to express emotion, feelings, and their experience in literature. For them the thing should not be objectified, if do so it looses its essence. So literature should be subjective, it should include social factors which is rejected by New Criticism. Feminism has started to question even the medium of language itself. Many feminist say that the use of language in Victorian literature is masculine. They believe the rules of language should be subverted because male language is defective. Since the language is defective it is not possible to express feelings of women. For feminist women writing should be flude. They suggest using metaphor and metonymy in language that lead to the complex style of language to associate the complex experience of women. They blame the common language excluded the voice and the vision of the women.

READING FROM NEW- HISTORIST APPROACH New Historicism believed that all text is discourses and governed by many ideologies. For New Historicist literature can not be free from power ideology as the writers are governed by the ideology of the social context. Thus New Historicism does not study particular canonical text rather they analyzed the cultural and political knots. New Historicist raises the issue of representation which is similar to discourse. By representation the fact can be distorted or deviated so the representation can distort the authentic presentation which is mediated through power position or produced by certain ideology. Regarding representation, the issue of realism of Victorian literature is taken as a reference. Realism of Victorian literature is socio construct and all language are fixed or constructed by writers; Victorian literature is also the product of imagination not the true and exact data of particular society. Thus New Historicism calls the Victorian novels not full of realities as such rather they are the verbal representation. Thus all languages are fiction; realism itself is locked with representation. So to claim Victorian novels as realistic is merely a false assumption.

Mary Poovey’s Uneven Developments truly exhibit the ideas of New Historicist approach. In this book, she discusses not only literary representation of women but also how they were treated in other fields like medicine. But she does not limit herself to the ratio of gender rather she goes across it to talk about the issues of race and class. Thus, Poovey’s method of going across generic boundaries is representative of New Historicist approach.New Historicism as we know makes a parallel study of history and literature. They gave equal weight to both of the genres, so it neither elevates literature at the cost of history, nor does it go other way round. It puts both literary and non literary text on the same ground because both of them are after all the product of the same ideology of the time so the main project of New Historicists turn text in to discourse and erase the boundary between fiction and non fiction, which made the scope of Victorian literature broad.Hence according to George Levine, all the critical approaches to Victorian literature are oppositional- they either question the apparent message of the text and writers reality of Victorian novels. Apparently organic novels have been turned on to indeterminate ones and presumably a political in to political by highlighting the dominant ideology of the time, so almost all the theoretical approaches on Victorian literatures are “writing against the grain”.